Arboreta reveal the invasive potential of several conifer species in the temperate forests of western Europe

Identifying emerging invasive species is a priority to implement early preventive and control actions. In terms of the number tree species, forestry represents second largest pathway introduction, with an debt likely existing for alien conifers in Europe. 1900s, network arboreta was established southern Belgium assess wood production potential prospective conifer broadleaved species. Here, we use eight as natural experiments identify presenting behavior. Through systematic sampling, quantified regeneration recorded local environmental variables. For each density, dispersal distances, age structure were analyzed. Generalized mixed effects models fitted test effect planted area tree-stand type on regeneration. The space occupied by regenerating evaluated using principal component analysis. Out 31 15 (48%) identified regeneration, which (26%) exhibited important density distances. most Tsuga heterophylla Abies grandis , confirming earlier field observations. Both large areas increased Species that had highest tolerated wide range conditions, including shaded understory, could lead invasion mature, undisturbed forests. This study showed 17% studied are potentially because they show long-distance dispersal, and, importance, have already produced offspring matured capable creating new satellite populations. conclusion, our results provide guideline future planting operations, recommending extreme caution when these temperate forests Western